Complete C++ Roadmap: Beginner to Advanced with STL, OOP, DSA and Modern C++

This complete C++ roadmap covers everything from basic syntax to advanced modern C++ concepts. It includes object-oriented programming, STL, data structures, algorithms, memory management, multithreading, and interview preparation. Designed for beginners and professionals, this structured guide helps you build strong C++ fundamentals, write efficient code, and prepare for real-world software development and technical interviews.

Chapter 1: Introduction to C++

  1. What is C++
  2. History of C++
  3. Features of C++
  4. C vs C++
  5. Applications of C++
  6. C++ standards (C++11, C++14, C++17, C++20)
  7. Compilation process
  8. Setting up C++ environment (Linux / Windows)

Chapter 2: Basic Syntax and Structure

  1. Structure of a C++ program
  2. #include directives
  3. main() function
  4. Namespaces (std)
  5. Comments
  6. Keywords

Chapter 3: Data Types and Variables

  1. Built-in data types
  2. Type modifiers
  3. sizeof operator
  4. Constants (const, constexpr)
  5. Type casting (implicit and explicit)

Chapter 4: Input and Output

  1. cin, cout
  2. endl vs \n
  3. Input/output formatting (iomanip)
  4. File stream basics

Chapter 5: Operators

  1. Arithmetic operators
  2. Relational operators
  3. Logical operators
  4. Bitwise operators
  5. Assignment operators
  6. Conditional (ternary) operator

Chapter 6: Control Statements

  1. if, else if, else
  2. switch
  3. Loops (for, while, do-while)
  4. break and continue
  5. goto (concept only)

Chapter 7: Functions

  1. Function declaration and definition
  2. Function call
  3. Return types
  4. Function overloading
  5. Inline functions
  6. Call by value
  7. Call by reference

Chapter 8: Arrays and Strings

  1. One-dimensional arrays
  2. Two-dimensional arrays
  3. Multidimensional arrays
  4. Character arrays
  5. String handling functions
  6. string class

Chapter 9: Pointers and References

  1. Pointer basics
  2. Pointer arithmetic
  3. Pointers with arrays and functions
  4. nullptr
  5. References
  6. Dangling and wild pointers

Chapter 10: Object-Oriented Programming Basics

  1. Class and object
  2. Access specifiers
  3. Constructors and destructors
  4. this pointer
  5. Static data members and functions

Chapter 11: Inheritance

  1. Single inheritance
  2. Multilevel inheritance
  3. Hierarchical inheritance
  4. Multiple inheritance
  5. Hybrid inheritance
  6. Virtual base class
  7. Diamond problem

Chapter 12: Polymorphism

  1. Function overloading
  2. Function overriding
  3. Compile-time polymorphism
  4. Runtime polymorphism
  5. Virtual functions
  6. override keyword

Chapter 13: Encapsulation and Abstraction

  1. Data hiding
  2. Abstraction
  3. Abstract classes
  4. Interfaces using pure virtual functions

Chapter 14: Operator Overloading

  1. Unary operator overloading
  2. Binary operator overloading
  3. Overloading stream insertion and extraction operators

Chapter 15: Friend Function and Friend Class

  1. Friend function
  2. Friend class
  3. Use cases

Chapter 16: Dynamic Memory Management

  1. new and delete
  2. new[] and delete[]
  3. malloc vs new
  4. Memory leaks
  5. RAII concept

Chapter 17: Templates

  1. Function templates
  2. Class templates
  3. Template specialization
  4. Variadic templates (basics)

Chapter 18: Standard Template Library (STL)

Containers

  1. Vector
  2. List
  3. Deque
  4. Stack
  5. Queue
  6. Priority queue
  7. Set and multiset
  8. Map and multimap
  9. Unordered set and unordered map

Iterators

  1. Types of iterators
  2. Iterator operations

Algorithms

  1. Sorting algorithms
  2. Searching algorithms
  3. Numeric algorithms

Function Objects

  1. Functors
  2. Lambda expressions
  3. Custom comparators

Chapter 19: Exception Handling

  1. try, catch, throw
  2. Multiple catch blocks
  3. User-defined exceptions
  4. noexcept

Chapter 20: File Handling

  1. File streams
  2. Text file operations
  3. Binary file operations
  4. File pointer positioning

Chapter 21: Data Structures Using C++

  1. Arrays
  2. Strings
  3. Linked list (singly, doubly, circular)
  4. Stack
  5. Queue
  6. Deque
  7. Trees
  8. Binary search tree
  9. Heap
  10. Hashing
  11. Graphs

Chapter 22: Algorithms

  1. Time and space complexity
  2. Sorting algorithms
  3. Searching algorithms
  4. Recursion
  5. Backtracking
  6. Greedy algorithms
  7. Dynamic programming

Chapter 23: Modern C++ Concepts

  1. auto keyword
  2. Range-based for loop
  3. Smart pointers
  4. Move semantics
  5. Rvalue references
  6. std::move

Chapter 24: Multithreading and Concurrency

  1. Threads
  2. Mutex
  3. Locks
  4. Condition variables
  5. Atomic operations

Chapter 25: Design Patterns (Basics)

  1. Singleton
  2. Factory
  3. Observer
  4. Strategy

Chapter 26: Memory Management Internals

  1. Stack vs heap memory
  2. Shallow copy vs deep copy
  3. Copy constructor
  4. Copy assignment operator
  5. Rule of 3, 5, and 0

Chapter 27: Interview Preparation

  1. C++ interview questions
  2. Common pitfalls
  3. STL-based problems
  4. Object-oriented design questions
  5. Debugging and optimization tips

Chapter 28: Projects

  1. Student Management System
  2. Bank Management System
  3. Library Management System
  4. Inventory Management System
  5. Mini Compiler (basic)
  6. File Compression Tool