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Control Flow Statements

Control flow decides which part of code should run under what condition.

There are 3 major types:

• Conditional Statements → if, if-else, switch
• Looping Statements → for, while, do-while
• Jump Statements → break, continue

Conditional Statements

if statement

Executes a block if condition is true.

    
    if (condition) {
        // code to execute
    }
    
    

Example:

    
    int age = 20;

    if (age >= 18) {
        System.out.println("You are an adult.");
    }
    
    

if-else statement

Choose between two options.

    
    if (condition) {
        // code if condition is true
    } else {
        // code if condition is false
    }
    
    

Example:

    
    int number = 5;

    if (number % 2 == 0) {
        System.out.println("Even number");
    } else {
        System.out.println("Odd number");
    }
    
    

if-else if-else ladder

Check multiple conditions.

    
    if (condition1) {
        // code
    } else if (condition2) {
        // code
    } else {
        // code
    }
    
    

Example:

    
    int marks = 85;

    if (marks >= 90) {
        System.out.println("Grade A");
    } else if (marks >= 80) {
        System.out.println("Grade B");
    } else {
        System.out.println("Grade C");
    }
    
    

switch statement

Best for multiple choices.

    
    switch (expression) {
        case value1:
            // code
            break;
        case value2:
            // code
            break;
        default:
            // default code
    }
    
    

Example:

    
    int day = 2;

    switch (day) {
        case 1:
            System.out.println("Monday");
            break;
        case 2:
            System.out.println("Tuesday");
            break;
        default:
            System.out.println("Other day");
    }
    
    

Loops

for loop

Runs code fixed number of times.

    
    for (initialization; condition; update) {
        // code
    }
    
    

Example:

    
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
        System.out.println(i);
    }
    
    

Prints:

    
    1
    2
    3
    4
    5
    
    

while loop

Runs while condition is true.

    
    while (condition) {
        // code
    }
    
    

Example:

    
    int i = 1;
    while (i <= 5) {
        System.out.println(i);
        i++;
    }
    
    

do-while loop

Runs at least once, even if condition is false.

    
    do {
        // code
    } while (condition);
    
    

Example:

    
    int i = 1;
    do {
        System.out.println(i);
        i++;
    } while (i <= 5);
    
    

Jump Statements

break

• Exit the loop or switch immediately.

Example:

    
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
        if (i == 3) {
            break;
        }
        System.out.println(i);
    }
    
    

Output:

    
    1
    2
    
    

continue

• Skip the current iteration and move to next.

Example:

    
    for (int i = 1; i <= 5; i++) {
        if (i == 3) {
            continue;
        }
        System.out.println(i);
    }
    
    

Output:

    
    1
    2
    4
    5
    
    

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